Flipped learning of Existensialism

Kierkegaard is often considered the father of existentialism. Other key existentialist thinkers include:

Friedrich Nietzsche – Focused on individual will, meaning, and the "death of God."
Jean-Paul Sartre – Developed existentialism as a philosophy of freedom and responsibility.
Albert Camus – Explored absurdism and the struggle for meaning in a meaningless world.
Martin Heidegger – Examined being and human existence.
Simone de Beauvoir – Applied existentialist ideas to feminism and ethics.
Karl Jaspers – Emphasized the importance of personal experience in philosophy.

Main Concern :

The main concern of existentialism is the individual’s experience of existence, freedom, and meaning in a world that may seem indifferent or even absurd. Key themes include:

Authenticity – Living true to oneself rather than conforming to societal expectations.
Freedom & Responsibility – Humans are free to make choices, but with that comes responsibility.
The Absurd – The tension between our search for meaning and a seemingly meaningless world.
Angst & Despair – The anxiety that arises from realizing our freedom and mortality.

The thoughts on individuality, freedom, and passion in existentialism revolve around:

Individuality – Each person must define their own essence, rather than having it imposed by society or tradition. Kierkegaard saw this as a leap of faith, while Nietzsche encouraged self-overcoming.
Freedom – Sartre argued that humans are "condemned to be free," meaning we must take full responsibility for our choices without relying on external meaning.
Passion – Living authentically requires embracing one's emotions, desires, and convictions. Kierkegaard saw passion as key to true faith, while Camus viewed passion as part of rebellion against absurdity.

These statements reflect beliefs from certain historical or religious perspectives, but they are not universally accepted truths.

"Women who commit adultery shall be stoned to death" – This is a law from ancient religious texts, but most modern societies reject such punishments in favor of human rights and justice.
"No sex before marriage" – This is a moral or religious belief held by some, but others see sexuality as a personal choice.
"The universe is less than 6,000 years old" – This comes from a literal interpretation of religious texts, but scientific evidence suggests the universe is about 13.8 billion years old.
"We are at the center of the universe" – Historically, this was the geocentric model, but modern science (heliocentrism and cosmology) shows that Earth is just one planet in an expanding universe.

Video 2

Albert Camus and his ideas on the absurd, and possibly some references that are mixed up with other figures.

1. Camus and "The Myth of Sisyphus"

Camus' central idea in The Myth of Sisyphus is absurd reasoning—the tension between our desire for meaning and the silent, indifferent universe. He begins with the claim:

“There is but one truly serious philosophical problem, and that is suicide.”

Camus argues that when confronted with the absurd, people face three choices:

Suicide (rejecting life because it has no inherent meaning)
Leaping to faith (turning to religion for imposed meaning, which he rejects)
Revolt (embracing the absurd and living fully despite it)

He chooses revolt, using the story of Sisyphus, who is condemned to roll a boulder up a hill forever. Camus sees him as the ultimate absurd hero—someone who finds meaning in struggle itself.

2. Did Camus Kill Himself?

No, Camus did not commit suicide. He died in a car accident in 1960 at age 46. Some speculate that it was ironic, as he once wrote that dying in a car crash is the most absurd way to die. There were also conspiracy theories that the KGB had a role in his death, but nothing was proven.

3. “An elegant suicide is the ultimate work of art”

This quote is not from Camus but from Yukio Mishima, a Japanese writer who staged a dramatic public suicide in 1970. Camus, in contrast, argued against suicide and believed in embracing life despite its absurdity.

4. Brooklyn Bridge & "Stay" (Movie Reference)

The Brooklyn Bridge suicide you mentioned does not relate to Camus.
The film Stay (2005) explores existential themes of life, death, and perception, aligning somewhat with Camus’ absurdism, but it does not directly reference him.

Concept of absurd reasoning from The Myth of Sisyphus. Let’s break it down:

"There is no necessary common measure between these two judgments:"
- (1) Life is meaningless
- (2) In that case, let’s jump off the balcony
  Camus argues that just because life lacks inherent meaning, it does not logically follow that suicide is the answer. This is a false connection.
"I cannot know unless I pursue without reckless passion in the sole light of evidence the reasoning of which I am here suggesting."
- He insists that we must analyze the absurd logically, without emotional desperation ("without reckless passion").
- We should base our conclusions on evidence and clear thinking, rather than jumping to extreme solutions.
"This is what I call an absurd reasoning."
- Absurd reasoning is the process of confronting the contradiction between our desire for meaning and the universe’s indifference.
- Instead of choosing suicide or faith, Camus argues we must embrace life despite the absurd—what he calls "revolt".

Key Takeaway

Camus rejects suicide as an immediate response to the absurd. Instead, he suggests living fully and consciously within the absurd reality. The fact that life has no inherent meaning does not mean we must end it—it means we are free to create our own meaning.

Final Thought

Life does not come with built-in meaning—but that doesn’t mean we should despair. Instead, existentialism and absurdism invite us to live authentically, embrace freedom, and find meaning in our own actions.

As Camus famously concludes The Myth of Sisyphus:

"One must imagine Sisyphus happy."

Video 3

philosophical suicide, a concept from Albert Camus' existential philosophy, particularly in The Myth of Sisyphus. Camus argues that life is inherently absurd—there’s no ultimate meaning, yet humans constantly search for one. This creates a tension between our desire for meaning and the universe’s indifference, which he calls the absurd.

Philosophical Suicide: Escaping the Absurd

Instead of confronting absurdity, some people "escape" through philosophical suicide—which means adopting an external system of meaning (e.g., religion, ideology, or absolute truths) to avoid facing life's meaninglessness. Camus criticizes this as an act of intellectual surrender—a way of avoiding the absurd rather than accepting it.

How People "Escape" the Absurd

A Total Absence of Hope → Despair
- Some accept that life has no meaning and collapse into nihilism.
A Continual Rejection → Renunciation
- Others embrace rigid beliefs, rejecting the absurd altogether (e.g., religious faith providing afterlife promises).
Conscious Dissatisfaction → Immature Unrest
- Some remain in a restless state, always searching for meaning but never accepting the absurd.

Camus' Alternative: Revolt Against the Absurd

Instead of philosophical suicide, Camus suggests "living without appeal"—embracing the absurd fully, without illusions. He sees Sisyphus, endlessly rolling his boulder, as a symbol of this rebellion. Even though life has no ultimate purpose, we can still find joy, freedom, and meaning in the struggle itself.

In The Myth of Sisyphus, Camus takes the liberty of calling the existential attitude "philosophical suicide." He’s specifically critiquing existentialists like Kierkegaard, Jaspers, and even Heidegger, who acknowledge the absurd but then "leap" into faith, transcendence, or higher meaning.

Why is it "Philosophical Suicide"?

It avoids the full confrontation with absurdity. Instead of accepting that life is meaningless, existentialists create meaning through faith or metaphysical concepts.
It’s an escape, not a solution. Camus sees this as intellectual dishonesty—a way of avoiding the harsh reality of the absurd.
It’s like real suicide, but for the mind. Instead of physically dying, one "kills" the absurd by adopting a comforting belief system.

Camus vs. Existentialists

Kierkegaard → "Leap of faith" into religion (God gives meaning)
Jaspers & Heidegger → Transcendence through higher being or experience
Camus → Rejects all leaps; says we must live without appeal.

The leap is what Camus criticizes as an escape from the absurd. Instead of confronting the absurd honestly, some thinkers (like Kierkegaard) "leap" into faith, hope, or transcendence—what Camus calls philosophical suicide.

What is the Leap?

The leap is an attempt to deny the absurd by embracing a higher meaning.

Religious Leap (Kierkegaard) → When faced with absurdity, one takes a "leap of faith" to believe in God.
Metaphysical Leap (Heidegger, Jaspers, etc.) → Seeking higher being or ultimate truth beyond the absurd.

Camus Rejects the Leap

For Camus, this is a form of intellectual dishonesty. Instead of accepting that life is meaningless, these thinkers invent meaning—which is no different from escaping through religion, ideology, or even literal suicide.

What’s the Alternative? Revolt!

Instead of leaping, Camus says: "Live without appeal."

Accept the absurd. Don’t deny it or try to find higher meaning.
Find joy in the struggle itself. Like Sisyphus, who embraces his fate and keeps rolling the rock.
Live fully and freely. Since life has no ultimate meaning, we are free to create our own experiences without illusion.

Instead of philosophical suicide, Camus chooses revolt—fully embracing the absurd and living despite it. He sees Sisyphus as the ultimate rebel, finding freedom in his meaningless task.

Video : 4

Dada was an avant-garde artistic and literary movement that emerged in Zürich, Switzerland, as a response to World War I and the prevailing nationalist ideologies that were perceived as contributing to the conflict. Drawing influence from Cubism, Futurism, Constructivism, and Expressionism, Dada exhibited a diverse range of artistic expressions, including performance art, poetry, photography, sculpture, painting, and collage. The movement was characterized by its subversive critique of materialistic and nationalistic values, leading to the formation of distinct Dada groups in various cultural hubs such as Berlin, Hanover, Paris, New York, and Cologne. Although the movement eventually dissolved with the rise of Surrealism, its fundamental principles continue to inform contemporary artistic practices.

A key feature of Dadaist artistic experimentation was the integration of chance into the creative process, as exemplified by artists like Hans Arp. This approach subverted conventional artistic methodologies, which traditionally emphasized meticulous planning and execution. By embracing randomness, Dadaists sought to undermine established artistic hierarchies and question the extent of the artist’s control in the act of creation.

Francis Picabia (1879–1953)

Francis Picabia was a French avant-garde painter, poet, and typographer associated with multiple artistic movements, including Impressionism, Cubism, Dada, and Surrealism. His artistic versatility and experimental approach led him to become one of the most influential figures in early 20th-century modernism.

Picabia played a crucial role in the Dada movement, particularly in Paris and New York. His works often employed mechanical imagery, reflecting his fascination with machines and modern industrial culture. One of his most famous Dada works, Très rare tableau sur la terre (1915), exemplifies his use of mechanical forms as metaphors for human emotions and relationships. He also published the Dada journal 391, which became a significant platform for avant-garde artistic expression.

Marcel Duchamp (1887–1968)

Marcel Duchamp was a French-American artist whose radical ideas reshaped modern art. He was a central figure in Dada and a precursor to Conceptual Art, challenging traditional artistic conventions through his provocative works.

Duchamp is best known for his invention of the readymade, ordinary objects transformed into art by the artist’s designation. His most famous example, Fountain (1917)—a porcelain urinal signed "R. Mutt"—questioned the very definition of art and artistic authorship. Another notable work, L.H.O.O.Q. (1919), a reproduction of the Mona Lisa with a mustache drawn on it, satirized the reverence for classical masterpieces.

Video 5

Existentialism: A Philosophy of Personal Meaning

Existentialism is often perceived as a bleak philosophy because it confronts themes like anxiety, despair, and absurdity. However, unlike nihilism—which rejects all meaning—existentialism struggles with the question of meaning and encourages individuals to create their own. Inspired by Nietzsche’s idea of "becoming who you are," existentialists argue that meaning is not inherited but must be actively shaped by each person.

This philosophy arises from a fundamental crisis: if life has no built-in purpose and there is no divine authority to dictate values, how should one live? Thinkers like Sartre, Camus, and Kierkegaard addressed this by emphasizing radical freedom, authenticity, and personal responsibility as guiding principles.

Existentialism is also associated with a distinct cultural aesthetic. Many of its most famous figures—such as Sartre and Camus—were known for their smoky café discussions, dark clothing, and contemplative expressions. The imagery of cigarettes, dimly lit bars, and deep philosophical reflection has become an enduring symbol of rebellion, intellectual depth, and existential questioning.

Video 6

Nihilism and Rebellion: Confronting Meaninglessness

Nihilism is a philosophical stance that challenges or outright rejects established values, moral systems, and the idea of inherent meaning in life. It often leads to the recognition that traditional belief structures collapse under their own contradictions, resulting in existential confusion. Friedrich Nietzsche described this as the process by which the highest values undermine themselves, leading to a state of disorientation and loss of purpose.

One response to nihilism is passivity—a resigned acceptance of meaninglessness that results in inaction and despair. Similarly, nihilistic consent occurs when individuals acknowledge the absence of inherent meaning yet make no effort to resist or redefine their existence.

Hermann Hesse, in reflecting on suicide, argues that those struggling with existential despair have an ethical duty to resist self-destruction. He emphasizes perseverance in the face of emptiness, suggesting that life’s hardships do not justify surrender. In Der Steppenwolf, Hesse explores the inner conflict between societal norms and personal authenticity, illustrating how existential turmoil can sometimes be a transient phase of youthful rebellion rather than a permanent condition.

Existential rebellion, in contrast to nihilistic resignation, is a direct confrontation with absurdity. Albert Camus, in The Myth of Sisyphus, presents Sisyphus as the ultimate symbol of defiance against an indifferent universe—condemned to meaningless labor yet embracing his fate without surrender. Camus extends this idea in The Rebel, where he argues that true rebellion is not just negation of meaning but an act of creating values and asserting human dignity. Instead of succumbing to passive nihilism, the rebel constructs meaning through resistance and self-affirmation.

Ultimately, these concepts examine two opposing responses to existential absurdity—one of resignation and despair, and the other of defiance and creative meaning-making.

Video 7

Existentialism: Freedom, Responsibility, and the Rejection of Imposed Meaning

A core principle of existentialist thought is the rejection of universal philosophical, religious, or ideological systems that claim to provide absolute answers about life’s purpose. While such frameworks offer comfort by giving people predefined meanings, existentialists argue that they also remove the individual’s responsibility to define themselves. True human experience, according to existentialism, is marked by uncertainty, personal freedom, and the necessity of self-creation.

Religious traditions, for example, often promise immortality and a moral order that provides life with meaning. However, existentialists see these beliefs as potentially discouraging authentic self-discovery, as they impose external values rather than allowing individuals to craft their own. Instead of relying on fixed doctrines, existentialism urges people to embrace freedom and take responsibility for shaping their values and identity.

Existentialism vs. Nihilism

Though existentialism and nihilism both reject the idea of inherent meaning in the universe, they differ in how they respond to this realization. Nihilism claims that life is meaningless, often leading to apathy, despair, or inaction. Existentialism, however, insists that while no objective meaning exists, individuals have the power to create their own purpose.

Friedrich Nietzsche saw nihilism as a dangerous consequence of the "death of God"—the collapse of traditional religious beliefs. However, rather than accepting a meaningless existence, he argued that individuals must actively shape their own values and identity. This process, which he called "becoming who you are," emphasizes personal growth, self-overcoming, and the refusal to surrender to despair.

Conclusion

Existentialism emerged as a response to modern uncertainties, with thinkers like Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Sartre, and Camus offering different interpretations of human existence. Despite their differences, they all emphasize freedom, responsibility, and the rejection of externally imposed meaning. While existentialism does not provide definitive answers to life’s deepest questions, it challenges individuals to confront uncertainty, take ownership of their existence, and actively shape their own destiny.

Video : 8

Nietzsche’s Critique of Traditional Morality

One of Nietzsche’s most significant contributions to existentialist thought is his critique of traditional morality, particularly the moral systems derived from Christianity and Enlightenment rationalism. He argued that these moral structures impose a rigid, universal framework that suppresses individual creativity and autonomy. Nietzsche distinguished between master morality and slave morality—the former characterized by strength, ambition, and self-affirmation, and the latter by meekness, guilt, and submission. He believed that modern morality, shaped by religious traditions, encouraged passivity and hindered human potential.

Existentialism and Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) is often associated with existentialism, although he preceded the formal development of the movement. His work profoundly influenced later existentialist thinkers, particularly through his critique of traditional morality, his concept of the "death of God," and his call for self-creation. While Nietzsche did not explicitly identify as an existentialist, many of his ideas align with key existentialist themes, particularly regarding human freedom, meaning, and the rejection of externally imposed values.

The "Death of God" and the Crisis of Meaning

Perhaps Nietzsche’s most famous concept is the "death of God," which he articulates in The Gay Science and Thus Spoke Zarathustra. This phrase does not imply a literal deity’s demise but rather the collapse of religious and metaphysical certainties that had traditionally provided meaning and order to human life. With the decline of religious faith in the modern world, Nietzsche saw humanity as facing an existential crisis: without divine authority, where could meaning and purpose be found?

Existentialists such as Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus expanded upon this idea, arguing that individuals must take responsibility for constructing meaning in an indifferent universe. Nietzsche warned of the dangers of nihilism—the belief that life is inherently meaningless—which could arise from the recognition that traditional sources of value no longer hold authority. Unlike passive nihilism, which leads to despair and inaction, Nietzsche proposed an active response: the creation of new values.

Overcoming Nihilism: The Will to Power and the Übermensch

Nietzsche’s response to the existential crisis was the concept of the will to power, the fundamental drive for growth, self-overcoming, and the assertion of one’s creative potential. He rejected resignation in the face of meaninglessness and instead encouraged individuals to embrace struggle and transformation. This idea resonates with existentialist themes of personal agency and the necessity of constructing one’s own meaning.

Nietzsche’s Influence on Existentialism

Nietzsche’s philosophy deeply influenced later existentialists, particularly Jean-Paul Sartre and Martin Heidegger. Sartre’s concept of radical freedom—that humans are "condemned to be free" and must create their own essence—mirrors Nietzsche’s call for self-definition. Similarly, Heidegger’s exploration of Being and authenticity draws from Nietzsche’s rejection of external moralities and his emphasis on individual existence.

Albert Camus, while not fully aligned with Nietzsche, grappled with the problem of nihilism in The Myth of Sisyphus, advocating for an embrace of life’s absurdity rather than surrendering to despair. Camus, like Nietzsche, rejected both religious consolation and passive nihilism, arguing that meaning must be actively confronted and constructed.

Video 9

Existentialism, Scientific Cosmology, and Epistemology: A Philosophical Intersection

The Absurd and the Universe: Existentialism Meets Scientific Cosmology

Scientific cosmology seeks to explain the origins, structure, and evolution of the universe, offering insights into its vastness and complexity. This field raises profound existential questions about humanity’s place in an indifferent cosmos. Modern scientific discoveries—such as the Big Bang theory, the expansion of the universe, and the absence of inherent purpose in cosmic processes—reinforce the idea that the universe was not created with human beings in mind.

Existentialist philosophers, particularly Albert Camus, addressed this idea through the concept of the absurd—the fundamental disconnect between human beings' desire for meaning and the universe’s silence. The realization that the universe does not inherently provide meaning can be unsettling, but Camus argues that this confrontation should not lead to despair. Instead, he suggests that individuals must embrace this absurdity and create their own significance despite the universe's indifference.

This perspective establishes a key philosophical tension:

Science describes objective reality, showing that the universe operates without intention or inherent meaning.

Existentialism deals with subjective meaning, emphasizing that individuals must construct their own purpose in the face of cosmic indifference.

The relationship between existentialist thought and scientific cosmology highlights a fundamental human dilemma—the need to reconcile objective truths about reality with the subjective need for meaning in an otherwise indifferent universe.

Epistemology and Existentialism: The Limits of Human Knowledge

Epistemology, the branch of philosophy concerned with how we acquire and validate knowledge, has traditionally sought certainty and objective truth. Many classical philosophical traditions aimed to establish universal principles of knowledge, believing that reason and logic could provide absolute understanding of the world.

Existentialist thinkers challenge this view by emphasizing the limits of human knowledge and the role of subjectivity and personal experience in shaping our understanding of reality. Rather than assuming that knowledge is purely objective or rational, existentialist epistemology argues that it is deeply personal, embodied, and context-dependent.

Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty: Knowledge as Lived Experience

Martin Heidegger argued that human beings (whom he called Dasein, or "being-there") do not exist as detached observers of the world but are instead deeply embedded in it. Knowledge is not simply about collecting facts—it emerges from our direct, lived experience and the way we engage with reality.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty extended this idea, emphasizing that human perception and understanding are shaped by the body and sensory experience. He rejected the notion that knowledge exists independently of human experience, instead arguing that we grasp reality through the lens of our physical and subjective existence.

This existential approach to epistemology challenges the traditional rationalist and empiricist views, which prioritize either pure reason (as in Descartes) or sense perception (as in Locke and Hume). Instead, existentialists argue that knowledge is holistic, combining rational thought, personal experience, emotion, and context.

Conclusion: A Philosophical Synthesis

Both scientific cosmology and epistemology, when examined through an existentialist lens, reveal a common theme:

The universe is not designed for human purposes, yet humans continue to seek meaning.

Traditional models of knowledge strive for certainty, but existentialism embraces uncertainty and subjectivity.

By rejecting the idea of absolute truths or inherent meanings, existentialist philosophy calls for radical freedom and responsibility in both creating personal meaning and defining our understanding of reality. This perspective encourages individuals to actively engage with their existence, rather than passively accepting external doctrines or predetermined structures.

Video 10

Absurdity: Facing a Universe Without Answers

The idea of absurdity is a cornerstone of existentialist thought, particularly in the works of Albert Camus. Absurdity arises from the fundamental contradiction between humanity’s deep longing for meaning and the universe’s indifference to that desire. Unlike religious or metaphysical perspectives that suggest a higher purpose, existentialist thought confronts the unsettling reality that the universe does not provide inherent meaning, justice, or order.

Camus powerfully illustrates this in The Myth of Sisyphus, where he describes the Greek myth of Sisyphus, a man condemned by the gods to endlessly push a boulder up a hill, only to watch it roll back down each time he reaches the top. Camus presents Sisyphus’ fate as a metaphor for human existence—a cycle of seemingly repetitive and futile actions. Despite the lack of purpose in Sisyphus’ struggle, Camus argues that one must embrace the absurd and continue to live. He suggests that accepting life’s absurdity does not mean giving in to despair but rather choosing to revolt against meaninglessness by engaging with life fully and joyfully.

This defiant acceptance of absurdity leads to a profound shift in moral and ethical thinking. If there is no divine justice, no universal moral order, and no predetermined purpose, then individuals must construct their own ethical frameworks. Traditional morality, often shaped by religious or societal doctrines, assumes an external authority that defines what is right and wrong. Existentialism, however, rejects this notion and instead argues that morality is a human responsibility.

Moral Responsibility and Radical Freedom

Jean-Paul Sartre’s concept of radical freedom further expands on this idea. He argues that, in the absence of an external moral authority, humans are entirely responsible for their own actions and choices. This means that people cannot justify their behavior by appealing to pre-existing moral laws, religious commandments, or societal expectations—they must take full ownership of the values they choose to live by.

This existentialist view of morality is both empowering and burdensome:

Empowering because it allows individuals to define their own ethical principles rather than passively following imposed rules.

Burdensome because it removes any external justification for one’s actions, placing the full weight of moral responsibility on the individual.

Unlike nihilism, which argues that morality is meaningless, existentialist ethics emphasize active moral engagement. Just because there are no absolute moral truths does not mean that morality does not matter—rather, it means that each individual must consciously decide their ethical stance and live in accordance with it.

Conclusion: Navigating an Indifferent World

Existentialism engages directly with the most fundamental dilemmas of human existence, rejecting predetermined essence, confronting nihilism, and embracing the absurd. Instead of searching for ultimate answers, existentialist thought acknowledges that life is inherently uncertain and without cosmic purpose. However, rather than leading to despair, this realization urges individuals to take full ownership of their existence, make deliberate choices, and create their own personal meaning.

By actively defining their values and embracing their freedom, individuals can navigate a world that lacks inherent meaning while still finding fulfillment, authenticity, and purpose in their own experiences. This perspective does not provide comforting illusions or easy answers, but it does offer a framework for living a life of responsibility, engagement, and self-determined significance.

Main Concerns of These Discussions

1. Absurdity and the Human Condition

There is a fundamental conflict between our desire for meaning and the universe’s indifference to that desire.

Camus argues that recognizing this absurdity does not mean giving in to despair but rather embracing life with defiant joy.

2. Rejection of Predefined Meaning

Existentialism rejects traditional religious, philosophical, or ideological systems that impose a universal meaning on human life. Instead, it emphasizes that meaning is not given but created by the individual.

3. Moral Responsibility and Radical Freedom

If there are no absolute moral truths, then individuals are responsible for constructing their own ethical framework.

Sartre’s idea of radical freedom states that we are fully responsible for our choices and actions, without relying on external justifications.

4. Nihilism vs. Existentialism

Nihilism states that because there is no inherent meaning, nothing matters. Existentialism, while acknowledging the lack of inherent meaning, argues that we can still create our own purpose and values.

5. Rebellion as a Response to Absurdity

Rather than resigning to passivity and despair, existentialist thought encourages resistance against meaninglessness.

Camus’ The Rebel suggests that revolt is not just an act of destruction but also of creation, where individuals affirm their existence by defining their own values.

Core Message

While life may lack objective meaning, this does not imply hopelessness. Existentialist thought urges individuals to take responsibility, embrace freedom, and create meaning for themselves, rather than relying on external structures to define their purpose.

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Nishtha Desai